Microwave-assisted steam sterilization of dental and surgical instruments

ABSTRACT

A surgical and dental instrument sterilizer is described. Liquid water is rapidly vaporized by microwave heating and steam is generated to attain a steam pressure of approximately 47 psi and a temperature of approximately 135° C. in the region of the articles to be sterilized. Micron-size water-droplets are intermittently sprayed onto the articles which are arranged on a tray, from both the top and from underneath thereof so as to thoroughly wet the surfaces. A 30-90 s duration of droplet spray is followed by pulsed microwave irradiation of the top and underneath surfaces for a similar period, as an example; this is followed by a plurality of spray/microwave cycles. Sterilizing conditions in the sterilizer chamber are maintained in the presence of the water spray/microwave flashing cycles since introducing small aliquots of water will not affect the desired sterilizing condition provided by superheated steam augmented by microwave radiation necessary to kill microbes including spores; however arcing from metal instruments when subjected to microwave radiation is substantially reduced.

RELATED CASES

The present patent application is a continuation application of patentapplication Ser. No. 10/675,876 for “Microwave-Assisted SteamSterilization of Dental and Surgical Instruments,” by Ravi Varma whichwas filed Sep. 29, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part application ofpatent application Ser. No. 10/071,340 for “Microwave Assisted SteamSterilization Of Dental and Surgical Instruments,” by Ravi Varma andWorth E. Vaughan which was filed on Feb. 8, 2002, the entire disclosureof which patent applications are hereby specifically incorporated byreference herein for all that they disclose and teach.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to sterilization of instrumentsand, more particularly, to the combined application of microwave andthermal energy in the presence of steam and liquid water to thesterilization of dental and surgical instruments and other objects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several instrument sterilization procedures are presently in use.Autoclaving is most commonly employed, but slowly dulls sharp metalinstruments. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,814 for “Automatic Sterilizer” whichwas issued to Bobby B. Childress on Sep. 12, 1989 amicroprocessor-controlled heater which generates steam inside of asealed chamber is described. The pressure level rather than thetemperature is used to control the heater. Air is caused to be displacedfrom the sterilization chamber by the generation of the steam; however,this process does not remove all of the air. The presence of airinterferes with production and maintenance of steam at the optimallydesired temperature and pressure in the chamber and causes corrosion.Instances of failed sterilization using steam sterilizers are common.Such instances may be triggered by admixture of steam by trace air.

In “A Report Of An Outbreak Of Postoperative Endophthalmitis” by W.Swaddiwudhipong et al., J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 83, 902 (2000) defectsin surgical sterilization including possible inadequacy in the autoclavesterilization of surgical instruments is reported. In “The Use OfAutoclaves In The Dental Surgery” by N. W. Savage and L. J. Walsh,Australian Dental Journal 40, 197 (1995), the authors state thatalthough autoclaving is the absolute method of achieving instrumentsterilization in any health-care setting, its effectiveness relies on aneffective pre-sterilization routine for instrument handling and thesubsequent correct loading and operating of the autoclaves. Similarfindings are reported in “Autoclave Performance And PractitionerKnowledge Of Autoclave Use: A Survey Of Selected UK Practices” by F. J.T. Burke et al., Quintessence International 29, 231 (1998). In“Disinfection And Sterilization Practices In Mexico” by M. Zaidi et al.,J. Hospital Infection 31, 25 (1995), the authors report the use of tooshort an exposure time in steam sterilizers or dry heat sterilizers ascontributing to ineffective sterilization of surgical instruments.

Heat sterilization at approximately 160° C. is also used. However, thismethod requires heat generators capable of rapid heating which are notcommonly available, and rubber and plastic parts may be damaged.Chemical sterilization techniques have the disadvantage that hazardousmaterials such as ethylene oxide or alkaline glutaraldehyde must behandled and disposed of in a hospital or dental clinic environment.Moreover, sterilization times are lengthy.

Sterilization of medical and dental instruments by directly andindirectly using microwaves is known. In both U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,359for “Method And Apparatus For Rapid Sterilization Of Material” which wasissued to Barry S. Kutner et al. on May 28, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No.5,039,495 for “Apparatus For Sterilizing Articles Such As DentalHandpieces” which was issued to Barry S. Kutner et al. on Aug. 13, 1991,a liquid sterilant solution and the material to be sterilized are placedin a sealable, vapor-impermeable collapsible pouch. Microwave energyvaporizes the sterilant solution and the instruments are exposed eitherto the vaporized sterilant alone or to both microwave radiation and thevaporized sterilant. The vaporized sterilant prevents arcing and assistsin sterilizing the instruments when used in conjunction with themicrowaves. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,941 for “Microwave Powered SteamPressure Generator” which issued to Bernard A. McNulty on May 23, 1995,an apparatus which produces high temperature and pressure steam derivedfrom microwave energy is described. Microwave energy is coupled into aguiding structure such that essentially all of the energy is transferredto a reaction fluid contained in a holder located at the end of theguiding structure. The reaction fluid is rapidly vaporized and theresulting vapors expand into a high-pressure chamber through a metalscreen that also prevents transmission of microwave energy. No mentionis made of whether the resulting temperature and pressure permit steamsterilization to occur, whether the sterilization chamber is free of airduring the sterilization cycle, or whether arcing of the metal parts isavoided.

In “Nonthermal Killing Effect Of Microwave Irradiation” by Seigo Sato etal., Biotech. Techniques 10, 145 (1996), the elucidation of the lethaleffects of microwave radiation at constant temperatures is described. Itwas found that the death rates for E. coil exposed to microwaveirradiation were higher than those obtained in conventional heatsterilization at the same temperatures. In “Heat Transfer Analysis OfStaphylococcus aureus On Stainless Steel With Microwave Radiation” by C.B. A. Yeo et al., J. Appl. Microbiol. 87, 396 (1999), the authors showthat the microwave killing pattern of Staph. aureus is principally dueto heat transfer from the stainless steel substrate which absorbsmicrowave energy in the surface regions, and that little direct energyis absorbed by the microbes from the incident microwave radiation.Complete bacterial inactivation was achieved at 61.4° C. with anirradiation time of 110 s.

Metallic instruments are problematic in microwave-assisted sterilizationprocesses because such instruments reflect microwave energy and, whenplaced in microwave field, will arc. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,599,499 for“Method Of Microwave Sterilizing A Metallic Surgical Instrument WhilePreventing Arcing” which was issued to Jeffery S. Held and Robert F.Schiffmann on Feb. 4, 1997, and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,612 for“Container For Microwave Treatment Of Surgical Instrument With ArcingPrevention” which was issued to Jeffery S. Held and Robert F. Schiffmannon Mar. 4, 1997, a container for preventing arcing of a metal objectplaced therein and subjected to microwave radiation is described. Toreduce arcing between metal surgical instruments, the container includesa tray upon which the instruments are located a suitable distance apart.Moreover, the container has at least one surface for absorbing microwaveenergy which impinges on the exterior surfaces of the container forconverting the absorbed microwave radiation into heat that sterilizesthe instruments. Iron oxide (that is, Fe₂O₃) materials are employed forthis purpose, and prevent substantially all of the microwave radiationimpinging on the exterior surface of the container from entering thevolume of space therein.

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,956 for “Microwave/Steam Sterilizer” which issuedto Calice G. Courneya on Aug. 29, 1989 a microwave/steam sterilizer isdisclosed. The authors state that the sterilizer hydrates potentialpathogens, including spores, and subjects them to relatively uniformelectromagnetic energy without arcing and without self-destruction ofthe microwave source from reflected microwave energy. According toCourneya et al. microwave energy is used to vaporize water forming steamwhich is rapidly absorbed by dry spores making them vulnerable tokilling by direct microwave energy. The water vapor also keepselectrical charges sufficiently low that arcing and sparking areovercome. The sterilizer provides an adequate availability of water, assteam, to allow the dry spores to hydrate without flooding with excesswater which acts as a coolant and prevents the formation of super-heatedsteam internally within the spores. Expected sterilizer temperatures arein the region of 98.9° C. Excess steam is preferentially attracted tothe coolest area in the chamber, namely, the chamber walls. Thus, liquidwater is not present on the instruments being sterilized. Additionally,98.9° C. and steam at near atmospheric pressure are inadequate forsterilization of instruments based on experience with autoclaves.

In “A Microwave Based Device For Sterilisation/Disinfection Of SurgicalAnd Dental Equipment” by Peter Nielsen et al., PCT/DK00/00146 having anInternational Publication Date of 5 Oct. 2000, the inventors describetwo embodiments of a microwave-based sterilizer. In one embodiment,tools are placed on trays and irradiated using microwave radiation. Inthe second embodiment, tools are placed in a sealed chamber which isplaced in a volume into which microwaves are introduced. A steamcondenser in fluid communication with the chamber is located outside ofthe volume and permits steam generated from a water reservoir within thechamber to be removed from the chamber, condensed and returned to thereservoir to enable the generation of additional steam. A desiredpressure of 3 atm at 130° C. is taught.

In “Influence Of Moisture On Microwave Arcing” by Elias J. Abou-Kasam etal., International Symposium on Microwave Technology In IndustrialDevelopment, Brazil, 22-25 Jul. 1985, ANAIS Proceedings, pages 393-396,13100-Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil, the authors state that moist airreduces the electric field around metallic objects; the higher thehumidity, the higher the threshold microwave power for arcing. Theeffect on the electric field of a liquid water layer on the metalobjects is not discussed.

As will be discussed hereinbelow, if a film of water (dielectricconstant, ε_(water), ≈46 at 135° C. and 47 psi at 2.45 GHz) is presenton the metallic object, for the same incident microwave power theelectric field experienced by the object will be significantly reducedwhen compared with the electric field expected for the same objectdisposed in an environment of superheated steam (ε_(steam)≈1.01) at thesame temperature, pressure and microwave frequency (see, e.g., F.Buckley and A. A. Maryott in NBS Circular 589 (1958)). From page 41 ofDielectrics and Waves by A. von Hippel, Wiley, N.Y. (1954), themicrowave power equation is given by P∝εE², where ε is the dielectricconstant of the medium in which microwave power, P, is incident and E isthe electric field therein. From this equation one may observe that forthe same applied microwave power, E² _(steam)/E²_(water)=ε_(water)/ε_(steam)≈46/1.01, where E_(steam) is electric fieldexperienced by a metal object in the presence of steam and E_(water) isthe electric field experienced by that same object when coated withwater, from which E_(steam)/E_(water)≈7. Thus, the electric fieldexperienced by a water coated object is seven times smaller than thatexperienced by the same object in the presence of steam, and thelikelihood of arcing is correspondingly reduced.

Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide anapparatus and method for effectively sterilizing surgical and dentalinstruments using a combination of microwave radiation and thermalenergy in the presence of both steam and liquid water without arcing.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide an apparatusand method for effectively sterilizing surgical and dental instrumentsusing a combination of microwave radiation and thermal energy in thepresence of both steam and liquid water without arcing, where air issubstantially removed from the vicinity of the instruments before thesterilization process.

Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention willbe set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of thefollowing or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectsand advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means ofthe instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in theappended claims.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To achieve the foregoing and other objects, and in accordance with thepurposes of the present invention, as embodied and broadly describedherein, the sterilization apparatus hereof includes: a sealed firstchamber capable of withstanding internal pressure and vacuum and havinga sealable opening for introducing and removing articles to besterilized; at least one tray disposed within the first chamber forholding items to be sterilized; a first microwave radiation generator; afirst waveguide for directing microwave radiation generated by the firstmicrowave radiation generator onto the articles to be sterilized; asprayer for directing droplets of water onto the articles to besterilized; means for generating steam at greater than one atmosphere ofpressure and for introducing the steam into the first chamber; a pumpfor evacuating the first chamber before the steam is introduced theretoand for removing the steam after the sterilization process is completed;and means for detecting arcing in the first chamber and for shuttingdown the first microwave radiation generator in response thereto.

Preferably, means are provided for venting steam from the chamber afterthe sterilization process or in the event of a power failure, andpassing the steam through a filter capable of removing pathogens.

Benefits and advantages of the present invention include rapid andcomplete sterilization of surgical and dental tools and other applianceswithout arcing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part ofthe specification, illustrate the embodiments of the present inventionand, together with the description, serve to explain the principles ofthe invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the sterilizer of the presentinvention illustrating the use of two independent microwave sources, onefor vaporizing the water and the other for providing microwave energy tothe instruments to be sterilized.

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the sterilizer of the presentinvention illustrating the use of a single microwave source employed incooperation with a microwave beam splitter for both vaporizing the waterand for providing microwave energy to the instruments to be sterilized.

FIG. 3 is a cutaway schematic representation of the microwave beamsplitter described in FIG. 2 hereof.

FIG. 4 a is a cutaway schematic side view of the rapid opening andsealing mechanism for the lid of the pressure and vacuum compatible lidof the present invention, while FIG. 4 b is a cutaway schematicprojection view thereof.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of theapparatus of the present invention shown in FIG. 1 illustrating theaddition of an arc detector/suppressor, and an evacuation systemincluding a HEPA filter.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the arcdetector/suppressor illustrating fiber-optic transfer of light from thechamber of FIG. 5 to a photodetector, and a microprocessor for shuttingdown the microwave source in the first chamber of the sterilizer inresponse to an arc.

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a system for safely ventingsteam and other gases pass from the sterilization chamber through a HEPAfilter as a part of normal venting operations, and also in the event ofa failure of the electric power.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Briefly, the present invention includes a one or two cylindrical chambersurgical and dental instrument sterilizer. After evacuation of thesealed chamber to remove substantially all of the air therein, liquidwater is rapidly vaporized by microwave heating with steam beinggenerated at ≧47 psi and a temperature of ≧135° C. in the vicinity ofthe instruments to be sterilized. Micron-size, water-droplets areintermittently sprayed onto the instruments, which are arranged on atray, from both the top and from underneath so as to thoroughly wet theinstrument surfaces. A 30-90 s duration of droplet spray is followed bypulsed microwave irradiation of the top and underneath surfaces of theinstruments for a similar duration, as an example; the sterilizationprocess includes a plurality of such spray/microwave cycles. Sterilizingconditions in the sterilizer are maintained in the presence of the waterspray/microwave flashing cycles since introducing small aliquots ofwater will not affect the desired sterilizing condition provided bysuperheated steam augmented by microwave radiation necessary to killmicrobes including spores; however, arcing from the surfaces of thesurgical and dental instruments that are exposed to microwave radiationduring the sterilization cycle is significantly reduced or entirelyeliminated by the presence of liquid water.

Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferredembodiments of the inventions, examples of which are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. In the Figures, similar structure will beidentified using identical callouts. Turning now to FIG. 1, theembodiment of the present invention employing two independent microwavesources is schematically illustrated. Generally cylindrical chamber, 10,adapted to be internally pressurized to ≧47 psi and internally heatedto≧135° C., is shown to have a sealable, removable, pressure and vacuumcompatible lid, 12, which sealably communicates with part of the upperportion of wall, 14, thereof, and a closed lower portion, 16. It shouldbe mentioned that chamber 10 may be any shape and material that canwithstand internal pressure ≧47 psi, heat ≧135° C., and internal vacuum,as will be discussed hereinbelow. Preferably, chamber 10 and lid 12 arefabricated from stainless steel, although other strong, temperature andsteam resistant materials may be employed. Chamber 10 is divided intotwo volumes, 18 and 20, separated by metallic screen, 22, which isadapted to allow steam to freely pass between volumes 18 and 20, but notallow microwave energy to pass therebetween. Upper volume, 18, containsremovable trays, 24 a and 24 b, upon which the items to be sterilized,26, are placed, and through which steam and microwaves can pass;electrical heater means, 28 a-c, for rapidly heating the vicinity of theinstruments to a desired temperature; means, 30, for directing microwaveenergy generated by pulsed microwave radiation source, 32, onto theitems to be sterilized 26 from above and below these items (Window, 33,isolates the microwave source from the harsh environment within chamber10.); and spray apparatus, 34 a-d, for spraying a pulsed, fine stream ofwater droplets onto the items to be sterilized controlled by watercontrol valve, 36. Trays 24 a and 24 b are fabricated from microwavetransparent materials such as fluorinated polyethylene tetraphthalate(PTFE). It is anticipated that an output power level between 800 W and1200 W at 2.45 GHz should be sufficient for microwave radiation source32. Other microwave frequencies can be used with similar results, butsignificant technology has developed around 2.45 GHz making equipment atthis frequency readily available. Lower volume 20 contains water vessel,38, for holding water, 40, which optionally rests on SiC plate, 42;means, 44, for maintaining the water, in vessel 38 at a constant level;means, 46, for directing microwave radiation generated by microwavesource, 48, into the vicinity of vessel 38, such that steam is generatedby the absorption of microwave radiation by water 40 and from conductionof heat from the absorption of microwave radiation by SiC plate 42.Window, 49, isolates the microwave source from the harsh environmentwithin chamber 10. Fused silica is the preferred material for thiswindow although any material which transmits microwave radiation and canwithstand the pressure, temperature and vacuum of the chamber can beused. The purpose of metallic screen 22 is to prevent the high levels ofcontinuous microwave radiation present in lower volume 20 which arerequired to vaporize water 40 from causing arcing by the items to besterilized when the liquid water coating thereon is allowed toperiodically evaporate in upper volume 18.

After the sterilization process is complete, dry nitrogen gas is causedto flow over the items to be sterilized 26 through jets, 50 a and 50 b,by gas control valve, 52, and is vented to the outside through escapevalve, 54. This serves the dual function of rapidly cooling the items tobe sterilized and driving the steam out of vessel 10. Vessel 10 can alsobe evacuated through valve, 56, using vacuum pump, 58. This permits theremoval of substantially all of the air in vessel 10 before thesterilization process is begun and allows the sterilization conditionsof a steam pressure of ≧47 psi at a temperature ≧135° C. to be achieved.

FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the present invention illustrating similarcomponents to those shown in FIG. 1 hereof, but utilizing a singlemicrowave source, 60, for both heating the water 40 in vessel 38, andfor irradiating the items to be sterilized 26 in trays 24 a and 24 b.Microwave beamsplitter, 59, receives microwave radiation from source 60and divides the radiation into two portions: one for heating water 40 invessel 38 which is directed through window, 61, and the other for thepulsed irradiation of the items to be sterilized 26 which is directedthrough window, 62. Windows 61 and 62 protect beamsplitter 59 andmicrowave source 60 from the harsh environment of vessel 10.

The pulsed irradiation of the items to be sterilized is achieved using amotor driven vane described in FIG. 3 hereof. FIG. 3 shows a schematicrepresentation of microwave beamsplitter 59. As stated hereinabove,beamsplitter 59 divides the microwave radiation passing through sourcewindow, 63, from microwave source 60 into two portions. This isaccomplished by employing a beamsplitter having two microwave waveguidechambers sharing a common wall. A first chamber, 64, directs continuousmicrowave radiation through window 61 for generating steam in vessel 10.Hole, 66, in the wall of chamber 64 permits microwave energy to entersecond chamber, 68 which channels the entering radiation through window62 and onto the items to be sterilized. Windows 61 and 62 can befabricated from any material that transmits microwave radiation and canwithstand the pressure, temperature and vacuum experienced by thesterilization chamber. Fused silica is one preferred material for thispurpose. Metal vane, 72, actuated by motor, 74, to open and close hole66 provides the desired pulsed microwave irradiation of items 26. It isanticipated that an output power of between 800 W and 1200 W at 2.45 GHzfrom microwave source 60 will be sufficient to accomplish both functionswhen approximately 75% of the power is utilized for heating the waterand 25% is directed onto the instruments to be sterilized.

Turning now to FIGS. 4 a and 4 b hereof, cutaway views of removable,sealable pressure and vacuum compatible lid 12 of FIGS. 1 and 2 hereofare schematically illustrated. As stated hereinabove, circular lid 12 ofchamber 10 includes segmented lip, 76, adapted to be received by groove,78, in flange, 80, which is sealably secured to wall 14 and which alsoincludes o-ring groove, 82, adapted to receive sealing o-ring, 84. Thepart of flange 80 located above groove 78 is cut away in a sufficientnumber of locations, 86, such that when the segments, 88, of segmentedlip 76 of lid 12 are correctly oriented and the pressure inside ofchamber 10 is approximately equal to that outside of the chamber, lid 12can be lifted off of chamber 10 in order to gain access thereto. Lid 12can be locked into place by first aligning segments 88 with cutawayportions 86 of flange 80 and positioning the lid such that wall 90 oflid 12 contacts o-ring 84, then rotating the lid either clockwise orcounterclockwise about its axis until segments 88 are captured by solidportions, 92, in groove 78 of flange 80. Handle, 94, facilitates therequired movements of flange 12. Lid 12 is shown to be dish-shaped inorder that it better withstand the forces of pressure and vacuum withinchamber 10.

A typical operating cycle of the sterilization chamber of the presentinvention is as follows:

-   -   (a) The articles to be sterilized are first loaded onto the        trays which are then placed in the sterilization chamber, the        chamber is sealed by closing the lid and the interior of the        chamber which contains air at ambient pressure is evacuated;    -   (b) After evacuation, the water is introduced into the water        tray in the chamber and the magnetron or magnetrons and        auxiliary heaters are activated;    -   (c) The system temperature and pressure are monitored until the        saturated steam reaches a temperature and pressure close to        135° C. and 47 psi, respectively, which is expected to take        approximately 15 min.;    -   (d) The articles to be sterilized are sprayed with liquid water        at a chosen duty cycle, for example, between 30 s and 90 s, and        then irradiated using pulsed microwave radiation for a similar        period during the time when the spray process is not taking        place, the subsequent spray and irradiation steps forming one        cycle;    -   (e) After a chosen number of spray/irradiation cycles, the steam        is either pumped out or displaced by nitrogren gas and nitrogen        gas or dry air is flowed over the instruments at ambient        pressure until the instruments reach a temperature of about 40°        C.

It is expected that the sterilization process should take approximately20 min.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of theapparatus of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, illustrating theaddition of arc detector, 96, and evacuation system, 98, which, as willbe described in more detail hereinbelow, includes a HEPA filter in theevent that the chamber pressure exceeds as chosen pressure, say, 65 psigas/vapor pressure, as measured on pressure transducer, 99, or whenthere is an electric power failure and the chambers must be vented intothe atmosphere.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of arcdetector, 96, referred to in FIG. 5 hereof. Optical fiber, 100, extendsthrough upper chamber wall 14, and is adapted for receiving lightgenerated from within chamber 10 as a result of arcing, and fortransferring any received light therefrom to photodetector, 102.Electronics/microprocessor, 104, receives the electronic signals fromphotodetector, 102, and shuts down microwave source 32 supplyingmicrowave radiation to upper volume 18 of sterilizer 10 in response toan arc. Turning off the microwave source is an automatic failsafe systemresponse that allows the source of arcing to be located and correctedwithout damage occurring to either the sterilizer or its contents. It isexpected that the microwave source 32 in the first sterilizer chambercan be shut down in response to instrument sparks exceeding 2-10 Wattsin light power (30% of this light is detected as a result of geometricalconsiderations). Tube, 106, flanges, 108, and photodetector housing,110, provide vacuum, pressure and light-tight enclosure forphotodetector, 102.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of evacuation system 98 forsafely venting steam and other gases from sterilization chamber 10through a HEPA filter as a part of normal venting operations, and alsoin the event of a failure of the electric power or an overpressure inthe chamber. It is intended that evacuation system 98 replace escapevalve 54 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 hereof and evacuation valve 56 and pump58, also shown therein. In operation, pressure transducer 99 may be setto detect sterilization chamber pressures in excess of, say, 65 psi atwhich point an electrical signal generated by pressure transducer 99,which may be amplified using electronics, not shown in the figures,directs valves, 114 and 116, which are otherwise maintained in a closedposition during operation of sterilization chamber 10, to their normallyopen positions. Valves 114 and 116 can also be opened during an electricpower failure, or during normal sterilizer chamber venting operations.Gases and vapors escaping from sterilization chamber 10 are directedthrough HEPA filter, 122, thereby preventing discharge of residualpathogens into the environment. Additionally, during evacuationoperations of the sterilizer described hereinabove, valves 114 and 116are kept closed, valve, 118, is kept closed, and valve, 120, is openedto permit pump 58 to exhaust chamber 10 through HEPA filter 122. In theevent that it is desirable to directly exhaust chamber 10 using pump 58,valves 114 and 116 are closed, and valves 118 and 120 are opened.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented forpurposes of illustration and description and is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, andobviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of theabove teaching. For example, the chamber may have other than cylindricalshape so long as it can withstand temperatures in excess of 135° C. andpressures in excess of 47 psi. Moreover the SiC tray can be replaced byany microwave-absorbing high-temperature material; for example,ferrous-ferric oxide, Fe₃O₄. In addition to metallic items, the articlesto be sterilized may also include ceramic or plastic materials that cantolerate the sterilization conditions set forth hereinabove.

The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical application to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention invarious embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of theinvention be defined by the claims appended hereto.

1. A sterilization apparatus comprising in combination: (a) a sealedfirst chamber capable of withstanding internal pressure and vacuum andhaving a sealable opening for introducing and removing articles to besterilized; (b) at least one tray disposed within said first chamber forholding items to be sterilized; (c) a first microwave radiationgenerator; (d) a first waveguide for directing microwave radiationgenerated by said first microwave radiation generator onto the articlesto be sterilized; (e) a sprayer for directing droplets of water onto thearticles to be sterilized; (f) means for generating steam at greaterthan one atmosphere of pressure and for introducing the steam into saidfirst chamber; (g) a pump for evacuating said first chamber before thesteam is introduced thereto and for removing the steam after thesterilization process is completed; and (h) means for detecting arcingin said first chamber and for shutting down said first microwaveradiation generator in response thereto.
 2. The sterilization apparatusas described in claim 1, further comprising a filter capable of removingpathogens, and means for venting said sealed chamber through saidfilter.
 3. The sterilization apparatus as described in claim 2, whereinsaid filter comprises a HEPA filter.